Reported speech basic rules

REPORTED SPEECH

                        (Direct and indirect speech)
v Reported sentence indirect speech is used to report back greeting speech the speaker in a different time.
v Reported speech also called indirect speech dierict reverse speech is a sentence uttered by the speaker directly
Example:
D: He said to her, "I will visit you tomorrow."
I: He said to her (that) he would visit you the following day.
v The words of introduction are: say, tell, ask, order, command, add, inform, explain.

A. Changes tenses of direct speech into indirect speech.

1 2 3 4 9 10 11 12

5 6 7 8 13 14 15 16


Information:
: Direct to indirect
: Constant / fixed

B. Changes adverb of time and place information

Now = then
Today = that day
Tonight = that night
Tomorrow = the following day / next day
Yesterday = the day before
Next week the following week =
Last night = the night before
Here = there
This = that

C. Rules

1. If the main clause of his "present", the tense of sub clause does not change.
Example:
D: He says to her, "I work hard."
I: He says to her that he works hard.
2. If the main clause of his "past" the tense of sub clause changed.
Example:
D: She said to him, "I work hard"
I: She said to him that she worked hard.
3. If a sub clause of his "general truth" (universal truth) whatever its form tenses in the main clause will not change or affect the tenses in indirect speech.
Example:
D: Father said to Anna, "Fire is hot."
I: Father said to Anna that Fire is hot.
4. If the clause in the simple present form of direct speech to the description of time then do not change in indirect speech, but the parent sentence remains unchanged.
Example:
D: Andi said, "My sister was crying when I went home."
I: Andi of toll me that his sister had been crying when he went home.

D. There are three kinds of Reported speech.

1. Statement (statement).
To sentence sentence statement in direct tiadak "Indirect speech" It is divided into two types, namely:
a. Contains general truth.
b. Contains kebeneran temporary.
A. Truth umm:
There are three characteristics, namely:
1. Can not be denied.
2. Everyone knows.
3. Connect with nature

Example:
Dini: "The sun rises in the past" (direct)
Ani: "What did she say? I'm a bit deaf. "
April: "She said that the sun rises in the east." (Indirect)
B. Truth while.
Temporary and changeable and not pegakuan common:

Example:
a. Ana is sick right now.
b.Dia go to Jakarta yesterday.
This sentence should be changed tense and verb in "indirect speech".
Example:
D: Tommy said to her, "I am sick now."
I: Tommy said to her that he was sick then.
2. Imperative / command (command)
There are two kinds of sentences, namely verbal and nominal divided into "positive / command" and negative / ban ".
A. Verbal
Commands (+) Prohibition (-)
Not to to + V1 + V1

Example:
(+) D: He said to her, "close the door."
I: He asked her to close the door.
(-) D: Tina Tommy asked, "Do not cry."
I: Tommy asked Tina not to cry.
B. Nominal
Commands (+) Prohibition (-)
To be + C Not to be + not

(+) D: Mother asked me, "Be careful, please!"
I: Mother asked me to be careful.
(-) D: Mother asked me, "Do not be lazy."
I: Mother asked me not to be lazy.
3. Question (question)
A. Yes / no question
If the question directly using yers / no question then is if the connecting / weather which means "if".

Example:
D: You asked me, "Will you visit me?"
I: You asked me if / weather I would visit you.
D: I asked you, "Do you love me?"
I: I asked you if you loved me.
B. Question word
If the question using the question word, the question word is used as a link in Reported speech and questions were reported to be sentence news.

Example:
D: Jane asked Mike, "What are you doing?"
I: Jane asked Mike what he was doing.
C. Quated speech

Is a way to quote the words of a person in writing to be written as news, articles, stories, novels without reducing one word and in a special way.
There are 8 ways:
1. Put a comma (,) once said, ask, inform, command, answer, etc.
2. Put quotation marks ( ").
3. Writing capital on the first letter after the quotation marks.
4. Writing a period (.) At the end of a sentence.
5. Put quotes after the dot.
6. When there are two or more sentences of the quotes, put quotation marks at the beginning and diakhiran sentences do not place quotation marks in the middle of a sentence.
7. If you find a phrase the question (?) / Exclamation mark (!), Put quotation marks after the marker.
8. Put quotation marks above the line of the book and not to touch the line.

Indirect to direct

S-S = I O-S=You S-O= Me, my O-O= You, your

Contoh:

I: He says to me that he goes to school every morning.

D: He says to me,” I go to school every morning.”

I: He said to me that he would visit me.

D:He said to me,” I will visit you.”

I: She said to him if he understood her explanation.

D: She said to him,” Do you understand my explanation.”